Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks solve the limitations of traditional RNNs through a powerful gating mechanism. This article explains how the Forget, Input, and Output gates work internally, breaking down the math, vector dimensions, and intuition behind cell states and hidden states. A deep, implementation-level guide for serious deep learning practitioners.

Weight initialization plays a critical role in training deep neural networks. Poor initialization can lead to vanishing or exploding gradients, symmetry issues, and slow convergence. In this article, we explore why common methods like zero, constant, and naive random initialization fail, and how principled approaches like Xavier (Glorot) and He initialization maintain stable signal flow and enable effective deep learning.

This blog explains the Vanishing Gradient Problem in deep neural networks—why gradients shrink, how it stops learning, and proven fixes like ReLU, BatchNorm, and Residual Networks. It also covers essential strategies to improve neural network performance, including hyperparameter tuning, architecture optimization, and troubleshooting common training issues.