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Self-attention is the core idea behind Transformer models, yet it is often explained as a black box. In this article, we build self-attention from first principles—starting with simple word interactions, moving through dot products and softmax, and finally introducing query, key, and value vectors with learnable parameters. The goal is to develop a clear, intuitive, and mathematically grounded understanding of how contextual embeddings are generated in Transformers.

Attention mechanisms revolutionized NLP, but how do they differ? We deconstruct the architecture of Bahdanau (Additive) and Luong (Multiplicative) attention. From calculating alignment weights to updating context vectors, dive into the step-by-step math. Understand why Luong's dot product approach often outperforms Bahdanau's neural network method and how decoder states drive the prediction process.

Transformers are the foundation of modern AI systems like ChatGPT, BERT, and Vision Transformers. This article explains what Transformers are, how self-attention works, their historical evolution, impact on NLP and generative AI, advantages, limitations, and future directions—all explained clearly from first principles.

The attention mechanism solves the core limitation of traditional encoder–decoder models by dynamically focusing on relevant input tokens at each decoding step. This article explains why attention is needed, how alignment scores and context vectors work, and why attention dramatically improves translation quality for long sequences.

Sequence-to-sequence models form the foundation of modern neural machine translation. In this article, I explain the encoder–decoder architecture from first principles, covering variable-length sequences, training with teacher forcing, backpropagation through time, prediction flow, and key improvements such as embeddings and deep LSTMs—using intuitive explanations and clear diagrams.

Discover the fascinating journey of Artificial Intelligence from simple Sequence-to-Sequence tasks to the rise of Large Language Models. This guide traces the evolution from Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and the Encoder-Decoder architecture to the revolutionary Attention Mechanism, Transformers, and the era of Transfer Learning that gave birth to BERT and GPT.

Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) are an efficient alternative to LSTMs for sequential data modeling. This in-depth guide explains why GRUs exist, how their reset and update gates control memory, and walks through detailed numerical examples and intuitive analogies to help you truly understand how GRUs work internally.

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks solve the limitations of traditional RNNs through a powerful gating mechanism. This article explains how the Forget, Input, and Output gates work internally, breaking down the math, vector dimensions, and intuition behind cell states and hidden states. A deep, implementation-level guide for serious deep learning practitioners.

LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) is a powerful neural network architecture designed to handle long-term dependencies in sequential data. In this blog, we explain LSTMs intuitively using a simple story, compare them with traditional RNNs, and break down forget, input, and output gates in a clear, beginner-friendly way.

Recurrent Neural Networks are designed for sequential data, yet they suffer from critical training issues. This article explains the long-term dependency and exploding gradient problems in RNNs using clear intuition, mathematical insight, and practical solutions like gradient clipping and LSTM.