Transformers are the foundation of modern AI systems like ChatGPT, BERT, and Vision Transformers. This article explains what Transformers are, how self-attention works, their historical evolution, impact on NLP and generative AI, advantages, limitations, and future directions—all explained clearly from first principles.

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks solve the limitations of traditional RNNs through a powerful gating mechanism. This article explains how the Forget, Input, and Output gates work internally, breaking down the math, vector dimensions, and intuition behind cell states and hidden states. A deep, implementation-level guide for serious deep learning practitioners.

Backpropagation in RNNs is often confusing because a single weight affects the loss through multiple time-dependent paths. In this post, I break down Backpropagation Through Time step by step using a small toy dataset, clearly showing how gradients flow across timesteps and why unfolding the network is necessary.